Cost reduction is a magic word when it comes to business and IT managers are not left out of this matter. Perhaps the ultimate goal really is to achieve better results, but reducing costs and enhancing business success. And that, thankfully, is no longer a mythical subject – may already be a reality, regardless of business type and company size.

How?

To get the answer we must first address some concepts such as convergence. In IT, more specifically when we talk about networks and servers, convergence can be defined as the willingness to travel with safety, efficiency and security, voice applications, video and data over a single network, wired or wireless. The concept is to mount a network end to all elements virtualized management with automated, optimized resources and guarantee availability.

Generally, corporate data networks are separated. A company has a telephone network with its traditional PBX for communication between employees and the outside world, the other for data network, which runs its data processing systems and shares the internet access.

A third network may exist, for information on video security systems and, finally, there is still a fourth network, via telecom operators to videoconferencing systems, among other specific systems that require connectivity solutions individuals.

Thus, companies reserve twice the energy required for installations and machines, as consumption is unpredictable. But what can be done to significantly reduce operating costs of these networks?

You can monitor how energy is consumed and therefore reduce consumption.

As discussed earlier, yes. This is no longer “something of the future”, but the present. Currently, the market offers several possibilities to obtain a converged infrastructure, ie have a model that virtualizes and converges IT environments of servers, storage and networks with data center facilities, creating a single instance of shared services, allowing greater flexibility and agility to meet new business demands.

A good example is the technology and Converged Infrastructure at HP, which relies on Networking, Storage, Dedicated Servers and Services. Thus, it is possible to serve companies of all sizes, with the most diverse portfolios, offering the best solutions, always respecting the client’s legacy and evolving according to their needs.

On one hand, proprietary infrastructure networks keeps costs high. On the other, many open standards must be followed exactly to make sure equipment from different manufacturers are compatible.

It takes trust in the solutions, they should have greater wealth of functionalities for users, lower cost of maintenance and especially safety. Modern architecture, open standards-based HP, evolving and innovating while consistently decreases the cost curve in enterprise networks.

Thus, reducing complexity, cost and exceeding their expectations in IT Management are the rules, with simplicity and efficiency, with open architecture, with maximum network security, with the converged infrastructure.

As a result, it is possible to guarantee the long-awaited reduction of costs, so simple that you will invest more in your own business instead of worrying about maintenance.

More for less with benefits. So it should be….

Or do you prefer the opposite?

While most of the major network providers have yet to predict the transition of data centers in the same type, unstructured network in the future, we will need to work on the practical application architecture, which will replace the hierarchical networks.

According to me, the future single-level network, as opposed to the standard three-tier network can best meet the challenges of management and productivity encountered by operators of large IT networks.

In ten years all the new data center will look like a single architecture. Technology pooling, also known as cloud hosting, are the main driver of this restructuring and modern hierarchical architectures cannot cope with their tasks.

If there is an increase in network traffic, the number of servers increases linearly and  the number of switching equipment grows exponentially.

Every time you double the number of storage systems and servers in data center, the number of patch panels increases four times. This means that the complexity of the network will grow exponentially. Today, operators of data centers have to raise the performance and reliability and to improve the quality of services provided. At the same time they need to strive to continuously expand their data centers, while controlling and minimizing costs. All these problems can be solved by radically simplifying the IT network.

This will be one big switch, comprising a plurality of physical devices, each port will be connected to only one port. It will unite all the devices into a single coherent network, that will be managed by the operating system, and a single management interface. The proposed solution is called the Stratus, and will have a modular type expansion.

Structured cabling system DPC (Data Center) should support the work of various applications, including those that are only planned to use in the future. Speed in data centers are increasing due to the use of server virtualization technology and the use of this technology leads to an increase in requirements for the cable system. Using an optical cable in data centers is primarily due to the fact that a large number of reliable and working technologies and solutions that use as a medium for data transmission singlemode and multimode fiber , the transmission of large information flows and the distance is much more than it can reach copper cables.

Optical cables have no problems with EMC and crosstalk occurring between the twisted pairs and copper cables, which makes use of copper cables in data centers .

The diameter of the optical cable is less than copper and it allows the use of cable channels for the optical cable of smaller sections, which allows better use of space in data center, reduce the costs of cable channels. Also reduces the load on the mount cable channel.

Using an optical cable increases the efficiency of the cooling system: optical cable run cool, creates fewer obstacles when placing cable channels under the raised floor, electric power consumption of the active ports of equipment on the optics, copper below.

A well-designed cabling in data center allows the owner of the data center to solve the problem of scaling data center, with no problems in connecting with a new network and equipment storage. And to solve the problem of scaling the data center without using an optical cable is impossible.

Multimode Or Singlemode Fiber In The Data Center

In the data center in accordance with the requirements and recommendations of all standards are allowed to use two types of optical fibers: single-mode fiber and multimode fiber.

Single-mode fiber is cheaper than multimode fiber, but due to the fact that the ports are active equipment to fiber mode are much more expensive, the single-mode fiber is not widespread in the data center . Most single-mode fiber is used for connecting services from the operator, who delivers it to the room of the cable entry point in the network interface. In contrast to SCS for commercial buildings in the cable system, data center allowed the use of single-mode fiber in the horizontal subsystem. Using a single-mode optical fiber may be required when filing service from service provider directly to the port of the active equipment installed in the machine room in the hardware distribution area.

Most of the data center equipment is used with ports that support the work of multimode optical fiber as the price of the port of active equipment for multimode fiber is cheaper than the ports of the active equipment for single-mode optical fiber.

The type of multimode fiber depends on the size of the data center and the applications that will be used at the time of design and in the future.

TIA EIA 942 Standard allowed the use of multimode optical fibers with core and shell 62.5/125um and 50/125 categories of OM1, OM2 and OM3. However, the TIA/EIA-942 standard recommend using multimode fiber optimized for use with a laser with a ratio of broadband multimode fiber is not less than 2000 MHz • km at 850 nm, that is recommended for multimode fiber 50/125 categories of OM-3.

European standard EN 50173-5 for SCS in the data center do not permit the use of 62.5/125 micron multimode fiber and even 50/125 OM1 category, and also as the standard TIA/EIA-942 recommend using OM3 multimode fiber category.

The international standard ISO / IEC 24764, which is not yet approved and which is designed with the latest requirements for SCS in the data center , generally spelled use in a data center of a multimode fiber does not lower OM3 category, ie the data center , which is designed should meet international standard requirements.

The use of OM3 multimode fiber category ensures data transfer rate 10Gbit/sec at a distance of 300 meters, however, if the insertion loss in the optical channel at a distance will not exceed 1.6 dB.

Multimode fiber category OM4

American and international working committees on standardization shall consider the adoption of a new category of multimode optical fibers. TIA / EIA working document TIA-492AAAD, which will include the specification of the characteristics of the fiber category OM4. And the international working group is working on a standard IEC IEC 60793-2-10 with a new type of multimode fiber. While the new category OM4 multimode fiber has not been accepted, but working groups have agreed on the minimum value of the coefficient of bandwidth for multimode optical fiber of a new category for VCSEL laser with 850 nm radiation. Coefficient of bandwidth for new category OM4 must be at least 4700 MHz * km.

OM4 multimode fiber category will allow data centers to move into the future without any problems on the use of 40 and 100 Gigabit Ethernet technology, allowing you to work 10Gbit/sec system at distances up to 550 m and reduce the requirements for insertion loss in the channel. A requirement for the insertion loss at the limit for the standard distance is very difficult to reach when using an optical cable with multimode fiber category OM3 and OM2 particular category.

The Design Of Optical Cable In The Data Center

The choice of design of optical cable depends on the number of optical fibers, method of installation, place gaskets and other technical requirements and conditions.
In order to reduce the diameter of the optical cable, it should not be used with fiber optic cables having a secondary buffer coating (external diameter of the fiber in the secondary buffer coating 900 micron).

If the number of fiber optic cable is more than 24 ex-tape, it is better to use fiber-optic cables, as they have a smaller diameter with the same number of optical fibers. This reduces the size of the cable channels or use them more effectively.

It is recommended to use the distribution cables in the data center, rather than the usual cables, which are used for the manufacture of optical cables and jumpers. The concept of “distribution cable,” defined by the standard ICEA S-83-596 and related to the level of mechanical strength of optical cable. Electrical cables can be routed on the tray and ladders.

If the optical cable is laid on top of the telecommunications closet 42U, it is usually the additional protection of the optical, however, if the optical cable will be run in places where access will take the technical staff (for example, under the raised floor), then you may need an optical cable with extra protection. The design of the optical cable may include additional reinforcing the strength of materials – Kevlar thread, fiberglass rods, etc.

If the data center must meet the requirements of the fourth level of reliability (Tier 4), you may need to use an armored optical fiber cable to ensure a certain level of protection for cabling infrastructure.

ESDS DC turn-key solutions provides pre-project development, design, and implementation of projects on technical equipment of data centers and server.

Makes delivery of equipment and materials to equip the center: precision air conditioners, uninterrupted power supplies and diesel generators, false floors, insulating and shielding materials, automation, fire extinguishing systems and fire-retardant materials.

ESDS DC turn-key solutions participates in the development of engineering systems and air conditioning systems of data centers.

• Developing the concept of pre-SAC
• Energy conservation – a necessary condition for modern data center
• Features of the design of engineering infrastructure Data Center
• Requirements for cooling server rooms
• Mathematical Modeling – checking the correctness of the design decisions.
• Air-conditioning system
• Power supply, uninterruptible power supplies, generators
• Lightning protection
• Fire-extinguishing system
• Raised floors

Modern requirements for data centers: reliable, coefficient for constant readiness, reservation.

It is no secret that in recent years, there have been increasing malfunctions in various Internet resources, or that the Web project is not available to the user due to server failure. All this happens because of problems in the engineering of data center infrastructure. It could be disruptions in electricity supply of the data center, and insufficient cooling and overheating of equipment, and other reasons, depending on the construction of data centers and their security infrastructure.

Most of the now-functioning data centers are designed for smaller load than the actual and constructed in the best case, considering regulatory requirements, they are developed many years ago. The other equipment, because it is outdated, is inconsistent with the requirements of modern equipment.

Modern requirements for reliable data centers are regulated by TIA-942 on telecommunications data centers, developed by the Association of manufacturers of equipment for the transfer of levels of reliability in data centers characterized by the coefficient of constant readiness, which must be at least 99.671%, the lowest, the base level of reliability server, showing a lack of reserve components, inability to carry out preventive work without stopping the process of data processing and total annual downtime of 28.8 hours.

In cases where even 1 hour of downtime in data center turns significant losses, they should include activities aimed at achieving the required level of reliability and continuity. In particular, include redundant power and cooling systems, creating multiple paths for power distribution, the ability to conduct preventive and unscheduled work without stopping the process of data processing.

There are certain standards required in levels of reliability, which fails to observe the full points that are not taken into operation.

Design features of modern data centers:

At present, many Indian data centers are not distinguished by reliability, which is often reflected in the news of web publications in the form of reports of a temporary stop of a Web project as a result of equipment failure in the data center. Due to the rapid growth in demand for services information technology and in turn increasing infrastructure needs everything from avoiding failures in data centers that suffer from major online retailers, as well as businesses that require continuity of data processing.

With constant expansion of facilities, the buildings and engineering systems, traditional approaches and design solutions for building cooling systems that have been used before, do not always meet the demands of today’s requirements. Data centers require new solutions in infrastructure development in data center optimization projects to build a data center.

Modern data centers are characterized by the following parameters:

• Increase heat to 25kW with a rack;
• Increased power consumption;
• Decrease in available space for equipment.

In light of these and other requirements, we design and implement a system of technical equipment of modern data centers.

Control of climatic parameters Conditioning Systems:

Parameters control the indoor server which is vital for normal data centers. ESDS “Engineering Systems” develops and implements projects for the control of climatic parameters in data centers with precise control of air conditioners.

When designing a complex approach to the selection of the principles of cooling server with all the necessary parameters and requirements in terms of operational readiness.

In the design process, we solve the following issues: the organization in the room, location of equipment, taking the most effective cooling racks into account, air conditioners selection based on required cooling capacity, and the features of objects and the client’s wishes.

Know more about:

• Cooling of server and communication nodes
• Used equipment, manufacturers of precision air conditioners
• Uninterrupted power supplies, power supply, generators.

During the construction of data centers, it is one of the main objectives – to provide consistent and quality energy for the data center, it generally provides more power inputs to ensure the reliability of the center.

Engineering infrastructure of data center: In order to eliminate the possibility of downtime of the data center, it provides support in the form of diesel – generator, which could carry electricity in full, in case of power failure. For maintaining the servers at start up time and exit the working mode, provides installation of batteries, which are also capable of providing electricity to the servers in case of short power cuts.

Lightning protection:

All electronic devices including servers, clusters, storage media that are very sensitive to the different electromagnetic waves, considering the effects occur near power cables, high voltage transmission lines, as well as in the lightning discharge.

To protect against overloads and pulsed electromagnetic fields arising from the near lightning discharge takes a number of the following activities:

• Creation of a lightning protection system of the building and grounding devices.
• Screening rooms where there is equipment that is sensitive to electromagnetic influences.
• The grounding of all metal parts of equipment and a system of bonding.
• Connection of protective devices that protects equipment against surge voltages.

Fire-extinguishing system:

Largely preserve the reliability of the information in the data center, it depends on the activities of fire safety, the methods and means of fire extinguishing in data centers are designed in accordance with all the requirements of fire safety for this category of premises.

Raised floors:

Raised floors are used for building server-side for ease of deployment (installation) of network and supply cables. It is expedient to use the floor space for the supply and efficient distribution of cold air at the data center. This is sufficient to effectively solve the problem of the cooling system.

Based on the calculations of air distribution and air flow direction to meet the raised floor air diffusers are provided, which supplies air to the cooling zone.

The advantages of raised floors are: durable and effective anti-static coating, the interchangeability of structural elements of equality, simplicity and short installation time, to meet requirements for fire safety, the ability to perform maintenance and upgrading of engineering infrastructure of data centers.

Raised floors have high bearing capacity, floor panels can withstand fairly heavy loads (greater than 1000 kg / m, and with the use of calcium sulfate plates – up to 3500 kg / m), which allows you to install the equipment and helps to avoid problems when moving the equipment inside data center. It consists of square panels that are mounted on metal, with height-adjustable stand. Depending on the destination, the floor panel can be manufactured from materials such as particleboard, gypsum, steel that provide durable and reliable design.

For More information, please contact ESDS through our 24×7 Online Live Chat Support or email us via http://support.esds.co.in/

Market of Data Centers in India is an increasingly broad niche and approaching the world level and the technology used, and for the service, and standards to be everywhere in this industry.

The new standard, developed by respected among data center is “Tier Standard for Operational Sustainability“. This standard describes the requirements to guarantee the sustainability of data centers, as well as minimize the associated risks. As you know, prior to widespread standard Tier Standard: Topology regulate the technical parameters of the data center to achieve a certain level of reliability.

Feature of the new standard is that it takes the human factor into account for the stability of the data centers. And it is of great importance, as the percentage of errors in work related factors are as high as 70% of them are little more than 40% are associated with errors Governing Maintenance Service.

To minimize these errors, it is necessary to conduct purposeful work with staff to improve their qualifications, to carry out actions to retain qualified staff. Also in accordance with the standard for sustainability of data centers are important factors such as location of data center, its distance from the intersection of transportation routes – airports, railway stations, highways, especially the building, which houses the data processing center (DPC) and the level of its efficiency.

To improve efficiency, it is expedient to rely on the coefficient PUE (power usage effectiveness), which is calculated by dividing the total capacity of all equipment at the data center power used by IT equipment. Technology to help increase energy efficiency – increasing temperature operation of equipment, consolidation, virtualization, thorough selection of dedicated servers hardware for specific tasks in the data center.

These technologies are mainly applied in designing and building data centers, and for the already functioning provides methods such as replacement of the UPS to the new, high-efficiency, insulation of hot and cold air currents, temperature control and air flow, moving closer to the cooling systems to the point of maximum load. The average payback period of these activities ranges from 2 to 5 years.

The number of data centers that are created for the needs of individual businesses and to accommodate third-party resources, is constantly growing. Most often they are located near cities or directly in their line, which has a number of features imprinted to create their energy structure. Often, the design must proceed from an existing building and its heating and electricity. That is what we can call a serious drawback, since electricity is only one source and is totally dependent on supply of the city.

This disadvantage is eliminated in most cases of installation of diesel generators, which include the case of an emergency power outage. But the problem is that, while they work, they depend on the capacity of the fuel tank. We can complement this with UPS power system, working on lead-acid batteries, from which the data center is fed for a short time. In addition, this generator does not ensure smooth operation of air conditioning and heating system.

Micro turbines gas can solve the problem fundamentally, it not only generates electricity, but also provides water heating due to the heat of burnt gas. It is an autonomous system that provides heat and electricity. Another advantage – the possibility of combining gas turbines into clusters, which ensures uninterrupted operation of the system. To operate micro turbines, several types of gas can be used, the most interesting options are biogas and natural gas. Biogas is produced in special plants, which are inexpensive to operate.

Combined-cycle plants have been developed over forty years ago, but not used on a large scale. But now, in response to emerging need to replace equipment on a large number of power stations, Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) attracted the attention of engineers. Deployment of PSU can be done in a short time, resulting in a low-budget, independent source of heat and energy, which is very important when building a data center.

Inconvenience for users in the form of idle ATM or branch office for private financial institutions themselves dispense large losses. The frequency of such situations not only determines the degree of confidence in the company, but its survival in the market. Information technology in business processes, in turn, reduces the number of such failures.

A study on the readiness of the financial sector to backup their data was conducted. The study involved banking and insurance companies, large enterprises with a turnover of  3 to 15 billion dollars. Results of the study suggest that companies in the organization of this sector use certain features of information technology. The subject of the study was to ensure continuity and data recovery.

Half of the companies surveyed felt that the priority in this direction is the restoration of business processes, about 13% – only the restoration of IT-services. Due to the continuity of paying only to the foreign financial companies and their subsidiaries – 75% of them are constantly carrying out data redundancy. Among the companies, this figure is much lower – 23%. And in foreign companies, to address these issues as well as units on risk management, this question remains in the conduct of IT-directors.

Your data center are only a quarter of the companies studied, 37% with an annual turnover of 15 billion, and 45% with an annual turnover of 3 to 5 billion, 18% with a turnover of 5 to 15 billion dollars.

The most common causes of failures were breakdowns of IT-equipment, shortages of electricity and the human factor. To reduce the risk of downtime for these reasons, 42% of financial organizations are planning to backup their data to use the services of commercial data centers.

Hydrogen – an alternative source of energy for data center backup power

Data centers have traditionally used batteries and diesel generators as a backup power supply systems. In the world, alternative energy sources that can be used as backup power sources are already developing. One way to obtain “clean” energy is hydrogen.

Technology of production of electricity using hydrogen can be used in data centers to ensure environmentally friendly backup power supply, but also in data centers where it is very difficult to use heavy batteries and diesel generator sets.

In some industries this technology has been used, but most experts in the data center believe that the technology of hydrogen fuel cells is not yet ready for implementation in data centers.

Cost solutions to the hydrogen source at this point is several times more expensive than conventional uninterrupted power supply (UPS) with batteries. There is also a risk of explosion in case of an uncontrolled leakage of hydrogen from the tanks. Therefore, a lot of data center owners are afraid to store hydrogen, though almost universally in data centers and dedicated server rooms use gas fire suppression and even in this area, they have significant experience.

It should be noted that there are certain advantages of hydrogen technology in energy production. It can reduce the total cost of ownership of the data center: as the technology requires less space to install and is cheaper to maintain and operate.

Manufacturers continue to refine the technology and reduce its cost.

The system works on hydrogen:

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen. It splits the hydrogen molecule into electrons and protons inside the fuel cell. It generates energy electrons passing through the circuit. The protons pass through a special membrane made of a polymer electrolyte.

The advantages of using hydrogen as an alternative source:

The most important advantage of hydrogen fuel systems is that, it is totally a clean fuel and its resource is inexhaustible. In addition to the environmental component noted the following positive factors.

Fuel Systems Hydrogen lighter diesel generators and batteries generate power at the same time. Therefore, they can be installed there, where it will be quite easy to install.

When you install the diesel generator set, you must take noise and air pollution emissions into account. Diesels are usually installed outside.

Period of operation of the hydrogen system in comparison with the traditional system of uninterrupted power supply with batteries according to experts twice.

Restricting the use of hydrogen in the data center

We note several limitations of the technology used:

• Initial investments in the technology according to experts is three times higher
• Hydrogen fuel, like almost any fuel, explosive;
• Installation and maintenance must be performed by specially trained personnel.

Conclusions on alternative source of the hydrogen in the data center

Uninterrupted power supply data center using hydrogen has not yet reached the stage of maturity, but it has good potential. The green data center requires innovative new solutions.

In the past, IT managers and IT staff had similar priorities and objectives. They needed to streamline internal operations of companies with systems enterprise resource planning at the enterprise level. They needed to increase employee productivity by introducing wireless access to the commercial units within the office, as well as develop and implement new technologies for more effective work.

But the situation has changed now. IT managers are increasingly looking to IT departments as a means of introducing new solutions for business. At the same time, they realize that the existing IT-organization established in accordance with previous commercial requirements and to meet the new requirements they often have to transform. This explains the interest of IT managers to “cloud hosting” technologies that can be used in IT infrastructure.

With regard to IT departments, they are trying to keep pace with technological changes in the IT industry, as well as maintain all existing systems. Cloud computing is usually not included in their list of priorities. They care about security, enterprise data management and ongoing system health.

This new distinction priorities CIOs and IT managers raises the issue of choosing the format of cloud computing, which most suit the specific enterprise. In favor of choosing one or another variant of such arguments are usually:

Public “cloud” requires less spending, but we need to pay special attention to safety and accessibility of data. May need to reprogram the application.

Public “cloud” offers the best IT infrastructure, in particular a more efficient use of resources, but to take advantage of this new technology, you will need to learn new skills to crossover, and increase the level of automation.

Outsourcing of cloud services (from data center service provider) can also be considered as an option, as the market appears to get more and more relevant offers from trusted providers.

Choose a way to transition to the cloud by using the architectural concept of Data Center Business Advantage. This concept allows customers to determine the extent of participation in the IT transformation and the need to engage in this process is a trusted IT partner by using their own resources or hosting services. As a result, the company receives “cloud hosting” services in the version in which you want, and its professionals can use their existing IT skills.

For customers who want to create a more powerful, more flexible and efficient computing environment, ESDS offers a unified computer system. IT serves as the basis for a private “cloud” and can be easily combined with such complex decisions as Vblock and SMT, which include virtualization, computing, network and storage systems .

In addition to the IT infrastructure, ESDS offers the cloud-based services that can interact with enterprise architectures.

Ultimately, the “cloud” – is not a product, but rather a range of services that improve the functioning of the IT systems of enterprises. As a Data Center Business Advantage, it is tied for first place on commercial needs. It creates a flexible infrastructure to provide the necessary new applications, and allows you to manage risks associated with the services provided to users.

BUSBAR TRUNKING SYSTEM involves distribution of electrical power using set of copper/Aluminum bus bars enclosed in suitable encloser with high degree of protection against any ingress of foreign bodies.

Following are some advantages of Bus bar trunking system over normal cabling system:-

1. On-site installation times are reduced compared to hard-wired systems, thus leading to cost savings.
2. It provides increased flexibility in design and versatility with regard to future modifications.
3. Greater safety and peace of mind for specifiers, contractors and end-users.
4. Because of the simplicity of busbar, it is easy to estimate costs from the design/estimating stage through to installation on site. This is because the technical characteristics and price of each component are always known.
5. It is short sighted to compare the cost of busbar against that of a length of cable — and not the real cost of a cable installation to include multiple runs of cable, tray and fixing, let alone the protracted time and effort of pulling cables.
6. Distribution busbar distributes power along its length through tap-off points along the busbar at typically at 0.5 or 1 m centers. Tap-off units are plugged in along the length of the busbar to supply a load; this could be a sub distribution board or, in a factory, to individual machines. Tap-offs can normally be added or removed with busbar live, eliminating production down time.
7. Installed vertically the same systems can be used for rising-mains applications, with tap-offs feeding individual floors. Certified fire barriers are available at points where the busbar passes through a floor slab. Protection devices such as fuses, switchfuses or circuit breakers are located along the busbar run, reducing the need for large distribution boards and the large quantities of distribution cables running to and from installed equipment.
8. Very compact so provides space savings
9. Where aesthetics have to be considered, busbar trunking can be installed with natural galvanized, aluminum, or painted finish. Special colors to match switchboards or a specific color scheme are also available on request.
10. Busbar trunking has several key advantages over conventional forms of power distribution including: -
    (a) Reduced, on site installation times when compared to hard-wired systems thus leading to cost savings.
    (b) Increased flexibility in design and versatility with regard to future modifications.
    (c) Increased safety features brought about by the use of high quality, manufactured components, which provide greater safety and peace of mind for specifiers, contractors and end-users.
11. Uneven distribution of current takes place where multiple runs of cables are used in parallel.
12. Busbar trunking has tap-off points at regular intervals along each length to allow power to be taken off and distributed to where it is needed. Because it is fully self-contained it needs only to be mechanically mounted and electrically connected to be operational.
13. For higher ratings of power distribution we need to have multiple runs of cable. In such conditions unbalanced distribution of current takes place and causing overheating of some cable. This is completely avoided in the BTS systems.
14. When multiple runs of cables are used it often leads to improper end connections thereby causing overheating of contacts, burning of cables ends, and is a major cause of fire. This is completely avoided in BTS systems.

Busbar versus Cables for Riser Applications: